International Journal of Human & Disaster

Purpose; The purpose of this study proposes training steps in preparation of multiple earthquakes disasters and how to plan training situation scenarios reflecting regional characteristics in response to frequent occurrence of earthquakes in Korea these days. There was a series of earthquakes with the subsequent aftershocks of magnitude 5.0 in Kyung-ju and Pohang in Korea in 2016 and2017, which resulted in a lot of damages. The earthquake disaster is what Korea has ever never experienced and we are defenseless for response training by the government institutions and public entities as well as the technologies for preparing disaster However, in the wake of the earthquake in 2016, the importance of training for earthquake has been appreciated and a host of multiple earthquake disaster drills has been conducted in the Safety Korea Training under the control of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security. However, due to lack of understanding on earthquake disasters and lack of experiences of earthquake disaster drills, the drills still remains unpractical. In particular, more jobs are required to establish scenarios explaining from preparation to training. This study presents the 10 steps of PDCA CYCLE for multiple earthquake disaster training. In preparing the drills, the study suggests training for the response situation and making improvements to update the manual for better next drills over time. Earthquake disaster is getting worse through the complicated and continuous situations over time. Considering these earthquake dis-aster characteristics, characteristics such as weather, time, and season are important variables in determining the response directions. In order for efficient drills reflecting local characteristics, a training situation scenario is needed to take the characteristics of the earthquake disaster, the current status of the region, the characteristics of the characteristics of the facilities into account so as to create a complex disaster situation in response to an earthquake. In this study, we propose a method to set weather, time, and seasonal characteristics and to estimate the damage situation reflecting the surrounding facilities and the affected area in order to create a situation scenario that can cope with over time accordingly. The situation scenario is presented as an example of the Ulsan metropolitan city located on the tip of Southeast Korea. All the examples are based on the damage situations and responding situations are provided in accordance with the Site Action Manual and the Earthquake Disaster Manuals kept by each organization. It is believed that the 10 steps for PDCA CYCLE training and the damaged situation scenario proposed in this study will be conducive to the trainers in charge of preparing for the complex earthquake disasters and simulation scenarios.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the nursing students’ problem solving skills, nurse image and leadership for patient safety by conduting a survey against nursing students of a university. A sample included 241 nursing students enrolled at a regional universitys nursing program during November 3 to 7, 2014. Data were analyzed using mean, t-test, ANOVA, correlation with SPSS 21.0. The mean scores turned out to be 3.36, 3.73, 3.68, for problem solving skills, nurse image and leadership. There were significant mean differences in problem solving skills according to application motivation and a school record. There were significant mean differences in the nurse image according to satisfaction with nursing as major and clinical training. There were significant mean differences in leadership according to application motivation, satisfaction with nursing as major and personality. Significant positive correlation among problem solving skills, nurse image and leadership were found. This findings indicate that in order to enhance problem solving skills for patients safety, it would be necessary to develop programs that account for factors related to improving the nursing students problem solving skills for the patient safety based on the results of this study.

The purpose of this study was to examine influenza vaccination based on the 2014-2017 local community health survey data for a region in an effort to seek ways of increasing influenza vaccination rates. The flu vaccination rates were higher among the people who were women, who were in their 70s and up, who were less educated, who were married(had no spouses), whose income levels were lower and who didn't engage in economic activity. Therefore in order to raise influenza vaccination rates, it seems necessary to make vaccination recommendations to more people to increase the rates of the younger generation and of the economically active population.

The 2017 community health survey data were analyzed to investigate the practice levels of hand washing and cough etiquette that are of use for infectious diseases. The findings of the study were as follows: As for awareness of the prevention of infectious diseases by hand washing, the awareness levels of the urban residents were higher, and the practice levels of hand washing before meals over the past week were higher among the county residents. The practice levels of hand washing after the use of the restroom over the past week were higher in the urban residents, and the frequency of using soap or hand cleaners was higher in the urban residents as well. Concerning experience of hand-washing education and publicity, the urban residents had more experience. The younger respondents had more experience of receiving hand washing education, and the respondents whose income levels were higher had more hand-washing education experience. As to the practice levels of cough etiquette, the practice levels were higher when the income levels were higher. Therefore in order to raise the practice levels of hand washing and cough etiquette, sustained education should be provided in various manners, and the development of educational programs tailored to older people seems to be necessary.

Through analysis of operating system of crisis management manual in Korea, this study attempts to suggest the right direction for future improvement. First, it is necessary to simplify the preparation through accurate understanding of laws and regulations. In the meantime, given the Korean crisis management manual written too specifically, rather, there is too much in manual volume and there is not enough time to follow the manual sequentially in case of settlement disaster. At the time of the East Japan great earthquake disaster, they were accused of missing the Golden Time when they sequentially followed Japan's well‐written manuals. Therefore, it is desirable to make it simple and easy to understand through an accurate understanding of relevant laws and regulations. Second, it is necessary to clearly distinguish roles between institutions through practical exchanges and cooperation networks. Under the current laws, this redundant design leads to an ironic situation in which when the actual disaster occurs, leaving responsibilities of an agency to another occurs between the agencies. Therefore, manual design to enable clear division of roles among institutions to some degree through practical exchanges and cooperation will enable quicker disaster response. Third, it is necessary to build a highly effective manual based on a scenario. Although the current crisis management manual is well written, but when applied to settlement actual disaster, it is difficult to apply due to the difference between reality and theory. Therefore, in order to be practical or to increase the possibility of reality, based on the scenarios, it will be easier to apply the reality by coping with the virtual scenarios by disaster type. Fourth, it is necessary to conduct situational judgment exercises through training. In the currently available crisis management manuals in Korea, all institutions are unified in identifying the level of crisis alarms such as concern, attention, warning, and seriousness, each level has different responses and its collaboration is different. However, in case of actual disaster, it is difficult to collaborate because it shows difference in crisis alarm level by each department or each institution. There-fore, it is necessary to conduct self‐assessment exercises through scenario training. Fifth, there is an increasing need for preparing integrated manuals for complex disasters. Today, disasters do not simply end in one type of disaster, but multiply into multiple disasters. That is, when an earthquake occurs, the earthquake can lead to fire, collapse, environmental pollution, and even nuclear accident. As a result, the crisis management manual is a manual for one type of disaster, which makes it difficult to cope with a complex disaster. Therefore, the need for preparing integrated manuals considering complex disasters increases.